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====== Introduction ====== | ====== Introduction ====== | ||
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===== Recent WTO History ===== | ===== Recent WTO History ===== | ||
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* trade facilitation. | * trade facilitation. | ||
- | Developing countries, wary of entering another bad agreement after the failures of Doha, have blocked progress on developed countries' | + | Developing countries, wary of entering another bad agreement after the failures of Uruguay, have blocked progress on developed countries' |
===== Outline of the Book ===== | ===== Outline of the Book ===== | ||
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> A blanket proscription against government subsidies to technology (industrial policies) is likely to have an adverse effect on developing countries and, indeed, it is likely in practice to be unfair: the United States conducts its industrial policy largely through the military, which supports a wide variety of technological developments that eventually have important civilian applications. | > A blanket proscription against government subsidies to technology (industrial policies) is likely to have an adverse effect on developing countries and, indeed, it is likely in practice to be unfair: the United States conducts its industrial policy largely through the military, which supports a wide variety of technological developments that eventually have important civilian applications. | ||
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====== Priorities for a Development Round ====== | ====== Priorities for a Development Round ====== | ||
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* multilateral enforcement (non-injured parties can also retaliate against an offending member) | * multilateral enforcement (non-injured parties can also retaliate against an offending member) | ||
* monetisation of sanctions (developing countries can sell the right to sanction to other members for whom the sanction would be more valuable, eg if Nicaragua won a dispute against the US, it could sell the right to impose duties to China or the EU) | * monetisation of sanctions (developing countries can sell the right to sanction to other members for whom the sanction would be more valuable, eg if Nicaragua won a dispute against the US, it could sell the right to impose duties to China or the EU) | ||
- | * institutional reform | + | * institutional reform: |
* creation of evaluation unit within the WTO to assess likely impact of measures on developing countries | * creation of evaluation unit within the WTO to assess likely impact of measures on developing countries | ||
* greater transparency (elimination of the Green Room, etc) | * greater transparency (elimination of the Green Room, etc) | ||
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* China had to accept an extraordinary right of other members to use safeguards against it (beyond GATT [[http:// | * China had to accept an extraordinary right of other members to use safeguards against it (beyond GATT [[http:// | ||
* some LDCs have bound export subsidies at zero (far beyond many developed countries' | * some LDCs have bound export subsidies at zero (far beyond many developed countries' | ||
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> It seems strange that the WTO's developed country members should force acceding countries, particularly small and poor countries like Cambodia and Nepal, into such strong concessions. | > It seems strange that the WTO's developed country members should force acceding countries, particularly small and poor countries like Cambodia and Nepal, into such strong concessions. | ||